Contour Integral Symbol
∮ denotes a contour integral in mathematics and related scientific writing.
U+222E
The symbol ∮ is commonly read as a contour integral. It’s used to represent integration along a path (a contour) in the complex plane. Copy it directly or use the provided code formats for web and software use.
Contour Integral Symbol Meaning
The ∮ symbol stands for a contour integral, typically written in complex analysis. It indicates that the integral is taken along a specified curve or path (the “contour”), rather than along a straight interval on the real line. Contour integrals are used to study functions of a complex variable and are fundamental to results like the evaluation of integrals via complex methods. In many texts, ∮ appears with integrands and a differential (for example, “dz”), emphasizing both the function being integrated and the chosen path in the complex plane.
Common uses
- •Writing complex analysis problems and solutions involving integrals over a curve
- •Labelling contour-based formulas in physics or engineering textbooks (complex methods)
- •Documenting mathematical derivations in notes, reports, and academic papers
- •Teaching materials and worksheets where integration is performed along a contour
- •Developer documentation for math typesetting and symbol references (e.g., U+222E)
Examples
∮ Contour Integral Symbol (U+222E)
- ∮Compute the contour integral ∮ f(z) dz around the unit circle.
- ∮Evaluate ∮ g(z) dz along the contour C to find the required value.
- ∮We take the integral ∮ h(z) dz where C is oriented counterclockwise.
- ∮The residue theorem applies to ∮ F(z) dz for a closed contour C.
- ∮In the derivation, replace the path integral with ∮ φ(z) dz over the contour.
Variations
Ready to copy
Technical codes
| Unicode | U+222E | |
| HTML Entity | ∮ | |
| HTML Code | ∮ | |
| CSS | \222E | |
| Alt Code | Alt + 8750 | |
| Decimal | 8750 |
How to type Contour Integral Symbol (∮)
On Windows
Hold Alt and type 8750 on the numeric keypad. In Word, type 222E then press Alt + X.
On Mac
Switch to the Unicode Hex Input keyboard, then hold Option and type 222E. Or press Control + Command + Space and search.
On Linux
Press Control + Shift + U, type 222e, then press Enter or Space.
Anywhere
Copy ∮ with the button above and paste it wherever you need it — this works on every device and in every app, with no keyboard shortcut to remember.
FAQ
What does ∮ mean in math?
∮ means a contour integral, i.e., an integral taken along a chosen curve (contour), commonly in complex analysis.
What is the typical context for a contour integral?
It’s most often used when working with complex functions and integrating along paths in the complex plane.
How do I copy the ∮ symbol on the web?
You can paste the character directly (∮) or use the provided HTML entity: ∮.
What is the Unicode code point for ∮?
The Unicode code point is U+222E, and the symbol’s Unicode name is CONTOUR INTEGRAL.